{"id":248,"date":"2020-01-02T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-02T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/?p=248"},"modified":"2021-02-05T16:10:47","modified_gmt":"2021-02-05T15:10:47","slug":"bolivyada-incil-adina-emperyalizm-yanlisi-darbe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/2020\/01\/02\/bolivyada-incil-adina-emperyalizm-yanlisi-darbe\/","title":{"rendered":"Bolivya\u2019da \u0130ncil ad\u0131na emperyalizm yanl\u0131s\u0131 darbe"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"corps_texte\">\n<h3>Latin Amerika\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri ve bask\u0131n emperyalizm<\/h3>\n<p>Latin Amerika, uzun s\u00fcredir ihtilallerin, kar\u015f\u0131 devrimlerin, istiklal m\u00fccadelelerinin, s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve darbelerin laboratuvar\u0131 olmu\u015f bir k\u0131tad\u0131r.<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\nT\u00fcm Amerika uzun s\u00fcredir kapitalisttir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplum bu k\u0131tada burjuvazi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva s\u0131n\u0131flar ve proletarya aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Evet, maa\u015fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma G\u00fcney ve Orta Amerika\u2019da tek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u015fekli de\u011fildir fakat g\u00fcncel k\u00f6lelik, yerlilerin toprak sahiplerine bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00f6deyebilmek i\u00e7in mecburi olarak bedavaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, mahsulleri toprak sahibiyle payla\u015fmak \u015fart\u0131yla ekim yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, ev i\u00e7i istihdam\u2026 k\u00fcresel kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine tabidir.<\/p>\n<p>1823 senesinde Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri h\u00fckumeti G\u00fcney ve Orta Amerika\u2019y\u0131 kendi \u201carka bah\u00e7esi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: kendilerini bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgenin valisi olarak g\u00f6ren burjuva h\u00fckumetler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek her \u015feyi s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek manas\u0131na gelir bu. Bunun neticesi olarak bu b\u00f6lgelerde sermaye birikimi g\u00f6reli olarak azd\u0131r, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden elde edilen de\u011fer k\u0131smi olarak ecnebi sermaye taraf\u0131ndan kap\u0131l\u0131r; bununla beraber tar\u0131m, ticaret, banka, medya, in\u015faat, imalat sanayisi sekt\u00f6rlerinde kapitalistler bulunmaktad\u0131r\u2026 \u00dclkelerinin boyutundan, tabii kaynaklar\u0131ndan ve co\u011frafi konumundan istifade ederek baz\u0131lar\u0131 bir sanayi taban\u0131 ve hatta b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist firmalar kurabilmi\u015flerdir: Brezilya, Meksika, Arjantin\u2026<\/p>\n<p><em>Ecnebi sermaye ile milli sermayenin menfaatleri daima ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir ve bazen keskin bir \u015fekilde \u00e7at\u0131\u015fabilirler. Bu sebeple, uygun ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda milli sermayenin ecnebi sermayenin dayatmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/em> (Tro\u00e7ki, Latin Amerika hakk\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma<em>,<\/em> 4 kas\u0131m 1938)<\/p>\n<p>Bu durumda bile, yerel s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n sosyal ve ekonomik taban\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkelerinkine g\u00f6re daha zay\u0131ft\u0131r, bu da siyasi rejimlerin istikrars\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ordunun siyasi hayata tekrar eden bir \u015fekilde kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n<p>Milli burjuvazi iki y\u00f6nelim aras\u0131nda \u00e7eki\u015fir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>istiklalini ilan etmek, \u00fclkenin i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden kazan\u0131lan de\u011ferin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131kmak, ba\u015fka bir emperyalist g\u00fcce dayanmak (\u0130spanya ile Avrupa Birli\u011fi, \u00c7in\u2026).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Herhangi bir \u00fclkedeki bask\u0131n y\u00f6nelim, Amerikan emperyalizminin  bask\u0131 derecesi ve \u015fantaj ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne, d\u00fcnyadaki emperyalist rekabete, yerel bask\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n fraksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne, onlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla ve de\u011fi\u015fik ara s\u0131n\u0131flarla ili\u015fkilerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fin sonunda milli burjuvazi emperyalizmi yenmekten acizdir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendi m\u00fclkiyeti mevzusunda duydu\u011fu endi\u015fe sebebiyle kendi devletinin emek\u00e7i kitlelerini seferber etmeyi ve onlar\u0131 silahland\u0131rmay\u0131 reddetmektedir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda emperyalist hasm\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatmak i\u00e7in enternasyonal proletaryaya da dayanamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><em>APRA, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri i\u015f\u00e7ileriyle el ele y\u00fcr\u00fcmenin hi\u00e7bir m<\/em><em>enfaat sa\u011flamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir\u2026 Bu tavr\u0131n esas sebebi, Beyaz Saray\u2019\u0131n korumas\u0131n\u0131 istemelerindendir. \u0130deolojik bir sapma de\u011fildir bu, hatta bir hatta bile de\u011fildir. Peru\u2019nun milli burjuvazisinin bir hesab\u0131d\u0131r. <\/em>(Tro\u00e7ki, <em>Latin Amerika hakk\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma,<\/em> 4 kas\u0131m 1938)<\/p>\n<p>20. as\u0131rda, Meksika\u2019da PRM-PRI, Peru\u2019da APRA, Bolivya\u2019da MNR, Arjantin\u2019de PJ, Nikaragua\u2019da FSLN\u2026 kitlelerin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde seferber edilmesinden ve beyanlar\u0131ndaki emperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, burjuva d\u00fczenin m\u00fcdafaas\u0131na ve egemen emperyalizmle uzla\u015fma aramaya ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Milli istiklali sadece emek\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rdeki kentsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla ve \u00f6\u011frencilerle ittifak halindeki  i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Tek bir kez, milli m\u00fccadele sosyal bir ihtilalle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, K\u00fcba\u2019da 1959 ila 1961 senelerinde. Castro\u2019nun milliyet\u00e7i k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva hareketi, Amerikan tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 halk\u0131 silahland\u0131rma ve sermayeyi kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya mecbur kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun neticesi olarak SSCB\u2019ye dayanan, k\u0131tasal ve k\u00fcresel devrimci y\u00fckseli\u015f sayesinde en kuvvetli emperyalizmin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bir i\u015f\u00e7i devleti ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mandel, Hansen ve Moreno\u2019nun \u201c4. Enternasyonali\u201d Kastrizm\u2019e kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, K\u00fcba\u2019da devrimci i\u015f\u00e7i partisinin kurulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Latin Amerika i\u00e7in k\u0131rsal gerilla fikrini desteklemi\u015ftir. Fakat SSCB\u2019de iktidar\u0131n Stalinci b\u00fcrokrasi taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, K\u00fcba i\u015f\u00e7i devletinin b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Che Guevara aday\u0131 terk etmi\u015f ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde k\u00f6yl\u00fc gerillas\u0131n\u0131 (Fokizm) evvela Kongo\u2019da, ard\u0131ndan da Bolivya\u2019da tekrar etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bolivya ordusunun tarihteki yegane zaferi, 1967\u2019de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ordusu ve gizli servislerinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla bu gerillan\u0131n ezilmesidir.<\/p>\n<p>El Che\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve OLAS\u2019\u0131n genel ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n SSCB\u2019ye hizalanmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. 1968 senesinde Castro Fransa\u2019daki devrimci krizi g\u00f6rmezden gelmi\u015f, \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019daki b\u00fcrokrasi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ihtilal ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Meksika\u2019da y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenim \u00f6\u011frencilerinin katlini k\u0131namay\u0131 bile reddetmi\u015ftir. 1969 senesinde K\u00fcba kom\u00fcnist partisi, \u00c7in kom\u00fcnist partisine kar\u015f\u0131 SSCB\u2019ninkini desteklemi\u015ftir. Castro, K\u00fcba ihtilalinin prestijini kullanarak Bolivya\u2019da 1971 senesinde, \u015eili\u2019de 1972 ila 1973 senelerinde, Nikaragua\u2019da 1979 ila 1980 senelerindeki proleter ihtilallerinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na do\u011frudan katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcba ihtilalinin ard\u0131ndan, Latin Amerika\u2019daki hegemonyalar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmemek i\u00e7in Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri sistematik bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 devrimi organize etmi\u015flerdir. 1964 senesinde Brezilya\u2019da (mare\u015fal Branco), Bolivya\u2019da (1971 senesinde albay Banzer), Arjantin\u2019de (1976 senesinde general Videla), \u015eili\u2019de (general Pinochet)&#8230; emperyalizm yanl\u0131s\u0131 burjuvazinin ve genelkurmay\u0131n darbelerine yard\u0131m etmi\u015flerdir. Bu askeri darbelerin ard\u0131ndan t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7i te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 la\u011fvedilmi\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok militan i\u015fkence g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, hapse at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne gitmek mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Darbelerden sonra G\u00fcney Amerika, \u201cneoliberal\u201d politikalar\u0131n uygulanma laboratuvar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: ecnebi sermayeye kap\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sosyal kazan\u0131mlar tasfiye edilmi\u015ftir. Kitleler sefalete batm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>4. Enternasyonal\u2019in par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, Rusya\u2019da kapitalizmin geri gelmesi ve i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, 20. asr\u0131n sonunda ve 21. asr\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda emek\u00e7i tabanl\u0131 \u201cemperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d yeni bir nesil burjuva hareketlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ki bu da Stalincili\u011fin miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yla Tro\u00e7kizm\u2019i revize etmek isteyen bir\u00e7ok ak\u0131m\u0131n (Grantist TMI, Morenist LIS, Pablist QI\u2026) co\u015fkusuna yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSol pop\u00fclist\u201d partiler iktidara geldikleri zaman (Ekvator\u2019da Alianza Pa\u00eds, Venezuela\u2019da MVR-PSUV, Bolivya\u2019da MAS\u2026), gericili\u011fe kaym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, bu da fa\u015fizme kayan partiler ile (gerek Demokrat Parti, gerekse Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti\u2019den olsun) Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri h\u00fckumetlerinin i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>2003: Bolivya\u2019da ihtilalci kriz<\/h3>\n<p>Bolivya, b\u00fcy\u00fck (1 milyon km2), n\u00fcfusu \u00e7ok fazla olmayan (11 milyon), (\u015eili\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 1884 senesindeki bozgunun ard\u0131ndan) sahil topra\u011f\u0131 olmayan ve fakir bir \u00fclkedir (k\u0131tan\u0131n en yoksul 4. \u00fclkesi). Burjuvazisinin ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u201cbeyazd\u0131r\u201d (Avrupa k\u00f6kenli), halbuki emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n ekseriyeti yerlilerden olu\u015fur (36 de\u011fi\u015fik etnik gruptan gelirler) ve bu bilhassa And da\u011flar\u0131nda ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu, \u00fclkenin heterojenli\u011fi ile (bir yandan fakir ve izole yerli topluluklar, di\u011fer yandan ise daha zengin ve \u201cbeyaz\u201d olan ve La Paz ba\u015fkentinin otoritesini pek kabul etmeyen do\u011fu vilayetleri) burjuvazinin bask\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar: istiklalin ilan edilmesinden beri Bolivya\u2019da 188 darbe olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkenin tabii kaynaklar\u0131 \u00e7oktur. Tar\u0131m\u0131 ise \u00e7e\u015fitlidir ve yapraklar\u0131 geleneksel olarak kullan\u0131lan ancak uluslararas\u0131 kokainin ham maddesi olarak da ihra\u00e7 edilen koka a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00dclkenin topraklar\u0131n\u0131n %90\u2019\u0131 50000 (beyaz) aileye aittir, geri kalan\u0131 ise 3 milyon k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc (yerli) aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Santa-Cruz vilayetinde b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin g\u0131da sanayisinin \u00fcretti\u011fi soya k\u00fcspeleri, 2018 senesinde mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %9\u2019unu olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>20. asr\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru, \u00e7ok uluslu petrol \u015firketleri devasa gaz rezervleri ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u00fclkenin ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %77\u2019sini ham maddeler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r: %33\u2019\u00fc enerji, %26\u2019s\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli madenler (alt\u0131n, kalay, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u2026). Yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte devasa lityum rezervleri ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir (d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck rezervleri, bu metal bataryalar\u0131n imalat\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r, her telefonda 2 ila 3 gram, her elektrikli otomobilde 20 kilogram civar\u0131nda).<\/p>\n<p>1990 ila 2002 senelerinde, yerliler yanl\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi, yerli halklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerinin ba\u015f\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Koka a\u011fac\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricileri, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin bu bitkiyi yok etme dayatmas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1997 senesinde koka a\u011fac\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricileri sendikas\u0131n\u0131n bir y\u00f6neticisi olan Evo Morales, temelini k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu  ancak sonradan maa\u015fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sendikalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u201csolun\u201d eski politikac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, bunun ard\u0131ndan da \u201csa\u011fdan\u201d gelen baz\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Movimiento al Socialismo\u2019yu (Sosyalizme hareket, MAS) kurmu\u015ftur. Pachamama dini ad\u0131na (Ana toprak tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131), MAS \u00e7evreci bir duru\u015f sergilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSosyalizminin\u201d ise emek\u00e7ilerin iktidar\u0131 ile hi\u00e7bir alakas\u0131 yoktur. Kendisini partilere kar\u015f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6steren MAS, s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi (yerli) \u201chalk\u201d ile (ulus kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilen) \u201coligar\u015fi\u201d aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ok uzun bir s\u00fcreden beri devam eden yerli halklara yap\u0131lan bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 tutum alsa da, onlar\u0131 ebedi \u201ctopluluklara\u201d hapsetmek istemi\u015ftir. MAS, MNR\u2019in yerine ge\u00e7meyi, yerli proleterleri kendisi de milli b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvaziye tabi olacak yerli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziye tabi b\u0131rakmay\u0131 hedef alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">\u00c7in\u2019de Kuomintang, Meksika\u2019da PRM, Peru\u2019da APRA olduk\u00e7a benzer te\u015fkilatlard\u0131r. Bir parti \u015feklini alm\u0131\u015f halk cephesidir onlar. (Tro\u00e7ki, Latin Amerika hakk\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma, 4 kas\u0131m 1938)<\/quote><br \/>\n2000 ila 2005 senelerinde Bolivya, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen ve bask\u0131 g\u00f6renlerin (i\u015f\u00e7iler, fakir k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u00f6\u011frenciler, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u2026) m\u00fccadelelerinin y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir aland\u0131r. 2002 senesinin haziran ay\u0131nda, Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (Milliyet\u00e7i Devrimci Hareket, MNR) partisinden Gonzalo S\u00e1nchez de Lozada, oylar\u0131n %22,5\u2019ini alarak cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir, Evo Morales ise oylar\u0131n %20,9\u2019unu alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. MNR genel se\u00e7imleri kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak parlamentoda mutlak \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan  Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Devrimci sol hareketi, MIR) ile ittifak kurmak mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Seferberlikler, MNR-MIR h\u00fckumetinin \u2013 IMF taraf\u0131ndan dikte edilen \u2013 kamu \u015firketlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmelerini, koka a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmelerini, vergi art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ile maa\u015f ve emekli maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmelerini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren plan\u0131 sebebiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lozada\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fal gaz rezervlerini emperyalist petrol \u015firketlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir konsorsiyuma verilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki karar\u0131 ihtilalci s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z genel grevler, yol kesmeler, kitlesel g\u00f6steriler, maden i\u015f\u00e7ileriyle t\u00fcm kent \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 Central Obrera Boliviana (Bolivyal\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikas\u0131) y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda bir araya getirmi\u015ftir. Kitlesel bir \u015fekilde Confederaci\u00f3n Sindical \u00danica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia (Bolivya tar\u0131m emek\u00e7ilerinin tek sendikal konfederasyonu, CSUTCB) taraf\u0131ndan te\u015fkilatlanan ve Evo Morales\u2019in sosyal ve siyasi taban\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan fakir k\u00f6yl\u00fcler onlara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eubat 2003 tarihinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maa\u015flara y\u00f6nelik bir vergi olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilerde ordu 34 ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve 200\u2019den fazla ki\u015fiyi yaralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ekim ay\u0131nda, do\u011fal gaz\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan g\u00f6sterilere y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131da 60 civar\u0131 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, y\u00fczlercesi ise yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitlelerin seferberli\u011fi,  COB, CSUTCB ve  (La Paz kentinin \u00fczerinde konumlu 1 milyon n\u00fcfuslu proleter bir kent olan) El Alto\u2019daki  Federaci\u00f3n de Juntas Vecinales (mahalle komiteleri federasyonu, FEJUVE) y\u00f6netimlerini t\u00fcm \u00fclkede s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapacak \u201chareket i\u00e7in birle\u015fik bir y\u00f6netim\u201d kurmaya  mecbur b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6z te\u015fkilatlanma \u015fekilleri olu\u015fmu\u015ftur ve 1971 senesindeki ihtilal s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fan Kitle Asamblesi yeniden faaliyete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Kitleler, ekim 2003 tarihinde cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Lozada\u2019y\u0131 kovmu\u015flard\u0131r ve o da iktidar\u0131 (kendisi de MNR mensubu olan) Carlos Mesa\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131p Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [bkz. CoReP, <em>Pour la r\u00e9volution socialiste en Bolivie<\/em>, 10 haziran 2005].<\/p>\n<p>Ancak hareketin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile kitleler, MAS ile Mesa h\u00fckumetini kabul edip seferberli\u011fi zay\u0131flatan ve b\u00f6ylece burjuva devleti bir kez daha kurtaracak siyasi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran COB ve CSUTCB b\u00fcrokrasileri taraf\u0131ndan ihanete u\u011fram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Nisan 2006 tarihinde, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki SL (ki \u00c7in\u2019i h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir i\u015f\u00e7i devleti zanneder), Bolivya\u2019da art\u0131k bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (ve \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 olarak hi\u00e7bir sosyal devrim perspektifi de olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Halbuki ne i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, ne de burjuvazi yok olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">Latin Amerika toplumu, (geli\u015fmi\u015f veya geri kalm\u0131\u015f) her toplum gibi \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131ftan olu\u015fur: burjuvazi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi ve proletarya. (Tro\u00e7ki, Latin Amerika hakk\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma, 4 kas\u0131m 1938)<\/quote><br \/>\nZaten her ihtilalci kriz s\u0131ras\u0131nda (1952, 1971, 2003), say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen madenci i\u015f\u00e7iler merkezi bir rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Buna ilaveten, proletarya maden \u00e7\u0131karma sanayisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan emek\u00e7ilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, istatistiklerdeki yerinden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sosyal ve siyasi bir rol oynar. Fakat, partisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, hareketi ekim 1917\u2019de Rusya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi zafere ta\u015f\u0131maktan acizdir.<\/p>\n<p>Tarihi a\u00e7\u0131dan partileri iflas etmi\u015ftir. PIR-PCB, kitleler i\u00e7in Rus ihtilalini temsil etmekteydi. Halbuki i\u015fin asl\u0131nda bu parti, SSCB\u2019nin b\u00fcrokratla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n (1923 ila 1927) ve bunun neticesi olarak Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonal\u2019in bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle Stalinci idi. \u201cKom\u00fcnist\u201d parti, 1941 senesinde milli m\u00fccadeleyi terk etmi\u015ftir ve bu da ordunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n emperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na ve emperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 burjuvazinin (MNR) o tarihten itibaren i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere kitlelerde k\u00f6k salmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyuttaki ancak \u0130kinci Cihan Harbi sonras\u0131nda maden i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan rakibi, 4. Enternasyonal b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan POR, revizyonist 4. Enternasyonal sekreteryas\u0131n\u0131n (Pablo, Mandel, Frank\u2026) f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fi 1947 senesinden itibaren MNR kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kurban gidip 1954 senesinde par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Castro\u2019ya destek veren \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yani  Hugo Gonz\u00e1les Mosc\u00f3so\u2019nun y\u00f6netti\u011fi ve \u201c4. Enternasyonal\u201d resmi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc <em>Combate<\/em> mecmuas\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlayan POR, k\u0131rsal gerillac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1970-71 ihtilalinde hi\u00e7bir rol oynamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Az\u0131nl\u0131kta ise, bir fraksiyon MNR\u2019e kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer fraksiyon ise, yani  Guillermo Lora\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi ve <em>Masas <\/em>mecmuas\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlayan POR, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 dahilinde faal olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Fakat 1970-71 ihtilalci s\u00fcrecinde POR-<em>Masas, <\/em>Moskova ile ili\u015fkili PCB, Pekin ile ili\u015fkili PCB-ML ve Havana ile ili\u015fkili ELN gibi \u201cemperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d general Jos\u00e9 Torres kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda boyun e\u011fmi\u015ftir, ki bu da y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f ve silahs\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f proletaryaya kar\u015f\u0131 MNR partisinin deste\u011fiyle general Hugo Banzer\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanl\u0131 darbeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcrg\u00fcnde, POR partileri Frente Revolucionario Anti-imperialista isimli bir halk cephesine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; bu halk cephesi bir yandan Torres etraf\u0131nda burjuva ordunun bir kanad\u0131 ile MIR (MNR\u2019den ayr\u0131lmayla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), di\u011fer yandan ise  ELN, PCB, PCB-ML, MIR, POR-<em>Masas<\/em> ve POR-<em>Combate <\/em>taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. POR-<em>Combate <\/em>yok olmu\u015ftur. 1982 senesinde POR-<em>Masas, \u201cordunun Bolivyal\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d ve \u201c<em>i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n hizmetinde bir ordu\u201d<\/em> \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur. 1985 senesinde adaylar\u0131 reylerin %0,8\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2003 senesinde emek\u00e7i kitlelere rehberlik edebilecek bir ihtilalci y\u00f6netimin eksikli\u011fi sebebiyle Evo Morales ile MAS kitle m\u00fccadelesinin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015fler, Sovyetlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilecek organlar\u0131 bo\u011fmu\u015flar ve burjuva demokrasi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde iktidara geli\u015flerini haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kitlelerin isyan\u0131n\u0131 kanalize etmek i\u00e7in Mesa\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fckumeti 2005 senesinde erken se\u00e7ime gitmi\u015ftir (cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imleri ve genel se\u00e7imler).<\/p>\n<h3>2005: ilk yerli Bolivyal\u0131 cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi<\/h3>\n<p>Morales, kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 Amerikan devletinin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kampanyaya ra\u011fmen cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur (reylerin %54\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinde oy alarak) ve MAS 130 \u00fczerinden 72 milletvekili \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0131pk\u0131 1998 senesinde Venezuela\u2019da iktidara gelen Hugo Ch\u00e1vez gibi Morales de 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendisini \u201c<em>Bolivarc\u0131 bir devrimci, 21. asr\u0131n sosyalizminin bir destek\u00e7isi\u201d<\/em> olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130lk defa bir yerli Bolivya\u2019da devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Ancak zaten 1993 ila 1997 seneleri aras\u0131nda (MNR-MRTKL h\u00fckumeti s\u0131ras\u0131nda) yerli bir ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Her durumda bir cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n (veya bir ba\u015fbakan\u0131n) ya\u015f\u0131, etnik grubu, cinsiyeti veya cinsel y\u00f6nelimi devletin tabiat\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde etkilemez.<\/p>\n<p>Evo Morales, emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar ile burjuvazi aras\u0131nda ve milli burjuvazi ile emperyalist burjuvazi aras\u0131nda bonapartist bir hakem duru\u015fu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">Milli burjuvazinin ecnebi emperyalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 biraz daha fazla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdeyiz. Milli burjuvazi i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle yak\u0131nla\u015fmak mecburiyetindedir, bu durumda \u00fclkenin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adam\u0131 sola y\u00f6nelim g\u00f6sterir. (Tro\u00e7ki, Latin Amerika hakk\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma, 4 kas\u0131m1938)<\/quote><br \/>\n2005 senesinde 2019 y\u0131l\u0131na dek Morales, kapitalist imalat \u015fekliyle burjuva devletin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in belirleyici bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. MAS\u2019\u0131n ideolo\u011fu ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Linera bas\u0131na \u00e7ok erken a\u00e7\u0131klama yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Morales\u2019\u0131n h\u00fckumeti \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete, dine, m\u00fcte\u015febbisin faaliyetine sayg\u0131 duyar, \u00f6zel e\u011fitimi garantiler\u2026 (Garcia Linera, mart 2007)<\/quote><br \/>\nEn m\u00fchim sendika (COSATU) ile Stalinci partinin (SACP) yard\u0131m\u0131yla G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da yerli tabanl\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i parti nas\u0131l 1994 senesinde kendi saflar\u0131ndan bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n burjuvaziye eri\u015fmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kapitalizmi kurtard\u0131ysa, MAS da o \u015fekilde kapitalizme dokunmamakta ama yerli k\u00f6kenli bir burjuvazi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>May\u0131s 2006 tarihinde h\u00fckumet, ekili olmayan arazilere tazminat \u00f6denmeksizin el konulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren iddial\u0131 bir tar\u0131m reformu duyurmu\u015ftur. B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri buna Reinaldo Diaz (Do\u011fu Tar\u0131m Odas\u0131) ile bir kapitalist ve fa\u015fist UJC\u2019nin eski mensubu olan Fernando Camacho (Santa Cruz sivil komite ba\u015fkan\u0131) \u00f6nderli\u011finde t\u00fcm yollar\u0131 kullanarak kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r,<\/p>\n<p>A\u011fustos 2006 tarihinde Morales, 1967 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in kurucu bir meclis toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tro\u00e7kizm\u2019in revize edilmesini savunan bir\u00e7ok grup (Pablist, Morenist, Grantist, Cliffist, Lambertist\u2026) \u201cemperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 birle\u015fik cepheyi\u201d savunduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia edip burjuva demokrasilerde kurucu meclis talep etmeye devam etmi\u015flerdir, halbuki bu slogan sadece temel demokratik h\u00fcrriyetlerden mahrum \u00fclkelerde ilerici (radikal demokratik) bir karakter ta\u015f\u0131r, eyl\u00fcl 1917 \u00f6ncesi Rusya\u2019da, 1930 senelerindeki \u00c7in ile Hindistan\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi. Aksi takdirde, proletaryan\u0131n boynuna ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f demokratik bir ilmikten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmaz.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">\u00c7in veya Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerde milli meclis veya kurucu meclis sloganlar\u0131 t\u00fcm de\u011ferini muhafaza etmektedir\u2026 Demokrasi form\u00fclleri bizim i\u00e7in proletaryan\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareketinde sadece ge\u00e7ici veya aral\u0131kl\u0131 bir slogand\u0131r, burjuvazinin ajanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan proletaryan\u0131n boynuna ge\u00e7irilecek demokratik bir ilmik de\u011fildir. (4. Enternasyonal, Ge\u00e7i\u015f Program\u0131, 1938)<\/quote><br \/>\n1938 senesinden beri Bolivya\u2019da \u00e7ok partili sistem ve h\u00fcr se\u00e7imler mevcut oldu\u011fundan, herkese se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 1952 senesinde ihtilalci tehdit alt\u0131nda verildi\u011finden dolay\u0131, MAS\u2019\u0131n kurucu meclisinin tek i\u015flevi kitle asamblesini uzakta tutmak ve burjuva devleti me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. 6. maddeye g\u00f6re, And da\u011flar\u0131ndaki yerli yanl\u0131s\u0131 hareketlerin kabul ettikleri \u00e7ok renkli bayrak yani viphala, ikinci amblem olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Yeni anayasa \u0130spanyol s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler taraf\u0131ndan dayat\u0131lan Katolik Hristiyanl\u0131k devlet dini olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan biraz daha laiktir. \u201c\u00c7ok uluslu\u201d olarak kendini sunan bu anayasa, Aymara, Ke\u015fua, Guarani vs. lisanlar\u0131n\u0131 resmi lisan olarak kabul etmi\u015f, daha fazla \u00f6zerklik vaadinde bulunmu\u015f ve referandumu kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iki d\u00f6nemle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hakimlerin tayinini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Fakat devletin kolluk g\u00fc\u00e7lerine (ordu ve polis) dokunulmam\u0131\u015f (VII. B\u00f6l\u00fcm), 56. madde ise \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti garantilemi\u015ftir. \u0130ktidar ne \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yasas\u0131nda, ne vergi kanunda, ne de miras hakk\u0131ndaki kanunda reforma gitmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Yerli yanl\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fckumetin sosyal politikas\u0131, Brezilya\u2019da reformist PT taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen halk cephesi h\u00fckumetlerinin (2003-2011) politikalar\u0131ndan ilham alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, sanayi politikas\u0131 ise daha \u00e7ok ayn\u0131 \u00fclkenin \u00f6nceki askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn (1964-1985) sanayi politikas\u0131n\u0131 taklit etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00fckumet, may\u0131s 2006 tarihinde hidrokarbonlar\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir kanunu kabul ettirmi\u015ftir. \u0130lerici ancak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir kanundur bu. Sadece ham maddeyi kapsar, ecnebi gruplar\u0131n i\u015ftiraklerini ve fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaz. Bolivya devleti Repsol (\u0130spanya), Total (Fransa), Exxon (Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri), British Gas (B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya), Petrobras (Brezilya)\u2026 ile olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece maden ve enerji rant\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 geri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fckumet bunu kamu donan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 (yollar, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, sulama \u015febekeleri, El Alto \u2013 La Paz teleferi\u011fi, gaz \u015febekesi, okullar, hastaneler) iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ve kitlelere baz\u0131 tavizler vermek kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: asgari maa\u015f\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, okullar i\u00e7in \u00f6denek\u2026<\/p>\n<p>2007 senesinde devlet yerli b\u00f6lgelerinde iki hidroelektrik baraj kurma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (El Chepte, El Bala). 2008 senesinde, bir batarya imalat \u015firketi (YLB) kurmaya te\u015febb\u00fcs etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>2008 senesinin may\u0131s ay\u0131ndan haziran ay\u0131na dek muhalefet taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen do\u011fu illerinin (Beni, Chuquisaca, Pando, Santa Cruz, Tarija) valileri, MAS\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 muhalefeti b\u00fcy\u00fck arazi sahipleri ile g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kapitalistleri hegemonyas\u0131 alt\u0131nda seferberli\u011fe \u00e7\u0131karmaya yarayan ve se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmayan Comit\u00e9s C\u00edvicos\u2019lara (sivil komiteler) dayanarak MAS\u2019\u0131n temas\u0131n\u0131 MAS\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zerkliklerini artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in referandumlar tertip etmi\u015flerdir. H\u00fckumet buna milli bir referandumla cevap vermi\u015ftir ve bunu kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (%67 kabul reyi), ayn\u0131 zamanda kitleler ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lara ve onlar\u0131n fa\u015fist gruplar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 seferberli\u011fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu neticeye ra\u011fmen Media Luna valileri, \u00f6zerkli\u011fin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kamu idaresi binalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgalini ve yollarla havalimanlar\u0131n\u0131n blokaj\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015flard\u0131r. 11 eyl\u00fcl 2008 tarihinde Cobija\u2019ya giden bir grup k\u00f6yl\u00fc Pando b\u00f6lgesel h\u00fckumetinin adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve 19 k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Halk\u0131n \u00f6fkesine dayanarak merkezi h\u00fckumet d\u00fczeni yeniden tesis etmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ocak 2009 tarihinde yeni anayasa kabul edilmi\u015ftir (%61 kabul oyu).<\/p>\n<h3>2009: Morales \u201coligar\u015fiye\u201d boyun e\u011fmi\u015ftir<\/h3>\n<p>\u0130lk ba\u015fta devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda olan MAS, \u201csosyal te\u015fkilatlar\u0131\u201d kolayca kabul etmi\u015f ve b\u00fcnyesine katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlar\u0131 finanse edip y\u00f6neticilerine destekleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda resmi pozisyonlar vermi\u015ftir. COB\u2019u bile etkisiz hale getirmi\u015ftir. Te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n y\u00f6neticiliklerine kendi adaylar\u0131n\u0131 dayatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmazsa bu te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f (CIDOB), hatta direnen sendikac\u0131lar ve yerli sorumlular hakk\u0131nda yasal i\u015flem ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2009 senesinde Morales, \u0130spanya, G\u00fcney Afrika, \u015eili, Arjantin\u2019deki gibi \u201cmilli mutabakattan\u201d s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6ncelikle 1971 senesinde general Banzer\u2019in darbesinin sivil deste\u011fi olan Santa Cruz sivil komitesi taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin direni\u015fi sebebiyle h\u00fckumet tar\u0131m reformundan vazge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Orman katli Bolivya Amazon\u2019unda son s\u00fcrat devam etmektedir, y\u0131lda 300000 hektar orman yok olmaktad\u0131r. Bu araziler hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve bilhassa ihracata y\u00f6nelik soya ekimleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda genel se\u00e7imler Morales\u2019in %64,2 oy oran\u0131yla, MAS\u2019\u0131n ise 130 \u00fczerinden 88 milletvekili ve 36 senat\u00f6r \u00fczerinden 26 senat\u00f6r kazanmas\u0131yla neticelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Nisan 2010 tarihinde, b\u00f6lgesel ve belediye se\u00e7imleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, MAS bazen liste ba\u015flar\u0131na Luis Flores (Pando) veya Roberto Fern\u00e1ndez (Santa Cruz) gibi \u201csa\u011f\u201d siyaset\u00e7ileri yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu ittifaklar, mevzubahis siyaset\u00e7ilerin fa\u015fist gruplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f emek\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ekinceler yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>A\u011fustos 2009 tarihinde h\u00fckumet, yerli b\u00f6lgesi ve \u0130siboro-Secure milli park\u0131n\u0131 katedecek yeni bir yolun OAS adl\u0131 Brezilyal\u0131 kapitalist grup taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade etmi\u015ftir. Yerli topluluklar ve polis aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve 2500 yerlinin ekim 2011 tarihinde La Paz\u2019a y\u00fcr\u00fcmesinin ard\u0131ndan Morales projeyi iptal etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Aral\u0131k 2010 tarihinde h\u00fckumet, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k sendikas\u0131 (bir\u00e7ok otob\u00fcs patronlar\u0131) ile rejimi destekleyen COB\u2019un kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 bir karar alarak benzin fiyatlar\u0131na zam yapmak istemi\u015ftir. Direni\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 geri ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f ve zamm\u0131 iptal etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>2008-2009 senelerindeki k\u00fcrsel kapitalist kriz ile ham madde fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 2011 senesinde devlet, aradaki fark\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in ihra\u00e7 edilen miktar\u0131 artt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve korumada olan 22 b\u00f6lgenin 11\u2019inde hidrokarbon aranmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ki te\u015fkilat (CONAMAQ ve CIDOB), MAS\u2019a destek veren yerli te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 birlik anla\u015fmas\u0131ndan (Pacto de Unidad) \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>2012 senesinde polislerin maa\u015f\u0131 %20 oran\u0131nda artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>May\u0131s 2013 tarihinde h\u00fckumet, maa\u015fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n emeklili\u011finde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gitme karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha y\u00fcksek emekli maa\u015f\u0131 talep eden maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin grevi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Grevcilere kar\u015f\u0131 polisi g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Y\u00fczlerce maden i\u015f\u00e7isi, sanayi i\u015f\u00e7isi, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim emek\u00e7isi coplanm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun ard\u0131ndan COB y\u00f6netimi ile bir uzla\u015fma sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2014 senesinde h\u00fckumet, Amerika ile ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olan eski cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mesa\u2019y\u0131 (2002-2005) La Haye\u2019daki Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131 nezdinde Bolivya\u2019n\u0131n \u015eili\u2019den denize eri\u015fim talep eden davas\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6zc\u00fc olarak atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n 10 ya\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na m\u00fcsaade eden bir kanun tasar\u0131s\u0131 yasala\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeler ile emtia ticareti, gaz\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki gibi yeniden a\u00e7\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Morales, 2014 senesinde 2009 anayasas\u0131n\u0131n izin verdi\u011fi arka arkaya iki d\u00f6nem (2005, 2009) s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, bu kural\u0131n sadece y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden sonra uygulanabilece\u011fine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Morales\u2019in tekrar ikinci bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in aday olabilece\u011fine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Genel se\u00e7imler i\u00e7in Morales ve MAS art\u0131k emperyalizm ve liberalizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir s\u00f6ylem kullanmay\u0131p, iyi y\u00f6netim slogan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c<em>C<\/em><em>on Evo, vamos bien<\/em>\u201d (yani Evo ile her \u015fey yolunda). MAS\u2019\u0131n milletvekili adaylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda muhalefetten gelen yeni bir dalga bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc: Carlos Subirana ve Muriel Cruz (Santa Cruz), Francisco Navajas ile Neila Lenz (Tarija), Milton Bar\u00f3n (Chuquisica). Bunun aksi istikametinde, baz\u0131 MAS destek\u00e7ileri partileri ile ona kar\u015f\u0131 aday olacak derecede ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 koparm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Fernando Vargas (Partido Verde) ve Juan del Granado (MSM). Morales %61,4 neticesi ile se\u00e7imleri kazanm\u0131\u015f, MAS ise 130 \u00fczerinden 88 milletvekili ve 36 \u00fczerinden 25 senat\u00f6r \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak se\u00e7menleri kalelerinde azalmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (La Paz, Oruro, Potosi).  Samuel Doria Medina oylar\u0131n %24,2\u2019ini alm\u0131\u015f ve onun UD\u2019si yani burjuva muhalefetin esas koalisyonu 32 milletvekili \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Granado oylar\u0131n sadece %2,7\u2019ini, Vargas ise %2,6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2015 senesinde devlet, 22 korumal\u0131 b\u00f6lgede yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda yerli halklara dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lma s\u00fcresini 45 g\u00fcne indirmi\u015ftir, halbuki bu s\u00fcre 2007 senesinde 90 g\u00fcn idi. K\u0131\u015flalarda askerli\u011fini yapan 4 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve sorumlular yarg\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2004 senesinden beri 55 e\u015fcinsel hi\u00e7bir mahkumiyet olmadan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eubat 2016 tarihinde Morales, referandum ile 4. bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koyma talebinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri etkisinde olan Amerika Devletleri Te\u015fkilat\u0131 referandumun tertip edilmesini onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Morales\u2019ten hi\u00e7bir konuda \u00e7ekinmemi\u015ftir. %84 oran\u0131nda bir kat\u0131l\u0131mla, Morales referandumu %51,3 hay\u0131r oyu ile kaybetmi\u015ftir, ki bu kitlelerin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funu yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Bu oya kar\u015f\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi 28 kas\u0131m 2017 tarihinde cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Haziran 2018 tarihinde, Morales, La Paz kentinin \u00fcst kesimlerinde 12 katl\u0131 (120 m) yeni bir cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 saray\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sarayda, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 i\u00e7in iki kat ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve buna 1000 m2  boyutunda \u00f6zel asans\u00f6r\u00fc, jakuzisi, saunas\u0131, jimnastik ve masaj salonu bulunan ki\u015fisel dairenin dahil oldu\u011fu iddia edilmi\u015ftir. Aral\u0131k 2018 tarihinde IMF, Bolivya\u2019y\u0131 tebrik etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>A\u011fustos 2019 tarihinde h\u00fckumet, Coipa ve Pastos\u2019daki lityum rezervlerini kullanarak \u00c7in\u2019de batarya imalat\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Xinjiang TBEA kapitalist grubuyla i\u015fbirli\u011fi anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda yang\u0131nlar \u00fc\u00e7 milyon hektar alan\u0131 k\u00fcle \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<h3>10 kas\u0131m 2019: ordunun tertip etti\u011fi bir darbe<\/h3>\n<p>Anayasaya g\u00f6re ilk turda se\u00e7ilmek i\u00e7in iki se\u00e7enek vard\u0131r: ya oylar\u0131n %50\u2019sinden fazla oy almak, ya da ikinci adayla arada en az %10 de\u011ferinde bir fark olu\u015fmas\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Eyl\u00fcl 2019 tarihinde, MAS h\u00fckumeti taraf\u0131ndan 2014 senesinde yeniden \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Carlos Mesa, genel se\u00e7imlerde Morales\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 aday olmu\u015ftur. 20 eyl\u00fcl tarihinde a\u00e7\u0131klanan ilk neticelere g\u00f6re Morales se\u00e7imi ba\u015fta g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f (%45) ancak ilk turda se\u00e7ilmek i\u00e7in yeteri kadar aray\u0131 a\u00e7amam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Mesa neredeyse oylar\u0131n %38\u2019ini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131). 20 eyl\u00fcl\u00fc 21 eyl\u00fcle ba\u011flayan gece g\u00f6stericiler Avrupa Birli\u011fi ile Amerika Devletleri Te\u015fkilat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan itiraz edilen bu neticeyi protesto etmek i\u00e7in sokaklara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, 2005 ila 2019 seneleri aras\u0131nda Morales\u2019i kabul eden bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler, art\u0131k onun tasfiye edilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir. 2009 senesinde ordunun Honduras\u2019da Zelaya\u2019y\u0131 devirmesine, 2016 senesinde cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Rousseff\u2019in g\u00f6revden azledilmesine yard\u0131m ettikleri [bkz. CoReP, <em>Brezilya: fa\u015fist ba\u015fkan ve genelkurmaya kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fik i\u015f\u00e7i cephesi!, <\/em>5 kas\u0131m 2018] ve ocak 2019 tarihinde Venezuela\u2019da ekonomik buhran sebebiyle zay\u0131flayan PSUV cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131 .ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde devirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 gibi [bkz. CoReP, <em>Emperyalistler Venezuela&#8217;dan Pen\u00e7enizi \u00c7ekin, <\/em>26 ocak 2019].<\/p>\n<p>24 eyl\u00fcl tarihinde nihai neticeler a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: eski cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 %10,57\u2019lik bir fark ile tekrar se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir (Morales i\u00e7in oylar\u0131n %47\u2019si, Mesa i\u00e7in %36,5\u2019i), ikinci bir tura gerek kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, hakl\u0131 veya haks\u0131z olsun, bu sonuca inanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sokaklarda, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 y\u00fcksek olan Morales destek\u00e7ileri, muhaliflerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ki buna fakir katmandaki muhalifler de dahildir. 2000-2005 isyan\u0131n\u0131n kalesi olan El Alto da bile (1 milyon n\u00fcfus) halk b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hareketi y\u00f6neten sivil komiteler heterojendir, ancak ekseriyeti toprak sahipleriyle kapitalistlerin kontrol\u00fcnde olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Camacho olan Santa Cruz sivil komitesi, zengin \u00f6\u011frenciler ve s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015fenlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Hristiyan fa\u015fist gruplar\u0131 seferber etmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka y\u00f6neticiler Potosi sivil komitesi ba\u015fkan\u0131 Marco Pumari gibi yerlidirler. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu yerli olan polis memurlar\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve viphala\u2019y\u0131 \u00fcniformalar\u0131ndan s\u00f6k\u00fcp atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Morales, orduyu d\u00fczeni tekrar tesis etmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Amerika Devletleri Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hakemli\u011fini talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Silahl\u0131 gruplar Morales ve di\u011fer MAS y\u00f6neticilerinin evlerine sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve ailelerini tehdit etmi\u015flerdir. Camacho (Santa Cruz sivil komitesi), bir elinde tabanca, di\u011fer elinde ise \u0130ncil ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 10 kas\u0131m tarihinde, Amerika Devletleri Te\u015fkilat\u0131 yeni se\u00e7imler tertip edilmesi kanaatine vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015ftur. Camacho, cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 saray\u0131nda Bolivya bayra\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine konmu\u015f bir \u0130ncil \u00f6n\u00fcnde diz \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f halde poz vermi\u015f ve \u201c<em>Tanr\u0131y\u0131 cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 saray\u0131na geri getirmek\u201d<\/em> istedi\u011fini beyan etmi\u015ftir. Yine 10 kas\u0131m tarihinde en \u00f6nemli maa\u015fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sendikas\u0131 olan Central Obrera Boliviana (COB), Morales\u2019den \u201c<em>\u00fclkeye s\u00fckunet getirecekse istifa <\/em><em>etmesini<\/em>\u201d istemi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn, ordunun komutan\u0131 Williams Kaliman, \u201c<em>bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na izin vermek i\u00e7in cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na ba\u015fkanl\u0131k vazifesinden vazge\u00e7mesi<\/em>\u201d emrini vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>10 kas\u0131m ak\u015fam\u0131, Morales genelkurmaya itaat etmi\u015f ve ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Linera ile aileleri tehdit edilen Meclis ve Senato ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 (MAS) gibi istifa etmi\u015ftir. Mesa \u201c<em>zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonunu<\/em>\u201d selamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Venezuela sefaretine sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Irk\u00e7\u0131 Senato ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Jeanine \u00c1\u00f1ez (Movimiento Dem\u00f3crata Social), elinde bir \u0130ncil ile kendisinin ge\u00e7ici devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011funu beyan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>11 kas\u0131m tarihinde binlerce k\u00f6yl\u00fc darbeye kar\u015f\u0131 La Paz ve El Alto da dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok yerde g\u00f6sterilerde bulunmu\u015ftur. Morales, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara grevi bitirme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>12 kas\u0131m tarihinde Morales ile Linera Meksika\u2019ya ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flar, Hristiyan fa\u015fist gruplar ba\u015fkanl\u0131k saray\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015f ve viphala\u2019y\u0131 yakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c1\u00f1ez, fa\u015fist Camacho yan\u0131nda oldu\u011fu halde kendisini saray\u0131n balkonundan devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir. 13 kas\u0131m tarihinde Amerikan h\u00fckumeti \u00c1\u00f1ez\u2019in devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>14 kas\u0131m tarihinde \u00c1\u00f1ez \u0130ncil \u00fczerine ant i\u00e7en bir h\u00fckumet kurmu\u015ftur. Binlerce emek\u00e7i darbeyi k\u0131namak ve \u00c1\u00f1ez\u2019in istifas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmek i\u00e7in ellerinde viphala ile El Alto\u2019dan La Paz\u2019daki cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 saray\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Binlerce COB k\u0131rsal ilkokul \u00f6\u011fretmenleri federasyonu mensubu da bu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu federasyonun y\u00f6neticisi Andr\u00e9s Huayta \u00c1lvarez, bas\u0131na g\u00f6steriye liderlik etmesine ra\u011fmen i\u015fleri kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak istedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemekten hi\u00e7bir s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">Tabii ki \u00c1\u00f1ez\u2019in me\u015fruiyetini tan\u0131m\u0131yorum; ancak istifas\u0131n\u0131 da istemiyorum. \u0130\u015fin sonunda bu ge\u00e7ici bir h\u00fckumettir. (Jornada-on-line, 13 kas\u0131m 2019)<\/quote><br \/>\n15 kas\u0131m tarihinde polis Cochabamba\u2019da g\u00f6steri yapan 9 k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 19 kas\u0131m tarihinde ise ordu Senkata fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 (El Alto) 10 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7arak a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla iki te\u015fkilat 4. Enternasyonal\u2019i \u201ctekrar kurma\u201d iddias\u0131ndad\u0131rlar. POR ismini tutan grup, Bolivyal\u0131 burjuva bas\u0131n gibi bir darbe oldu\u011funu reddetmektedir. MAS ile fa\u015fistleri neredeyse ayn\u0131 kefeye koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">La Paz, El Alto ve di\u011fer kentlerin halklar\u0131, MAS ile l\u00fcmpenin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc vandalizmi \u201cMesa ile Camacho\u2019nun kellelerini istiyoruz\u201d ve\u201c\u015fimdi i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u201d sloganlar\u0131yla yapan \u00f6fkeli milislerinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ter\u00f6r anlar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Evo istifa etmi\u015ftir ve Meksika\u2019ya ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak ma\u011flubiyetinin pahas\u0131 y\u00fcksek olmu\u015ftur, arkas\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131m ve kan b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Masas, 15 kas\u0131m 2019)<\/quote><br \/>\n2003 senesinde Arjantinli PTS militanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f olan LOR-CI ise\u2026 yeni bir Kurucu Meclis teklif etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">Biz, LOR-CI olarak, hareketin mevcut siyasi rejimle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 hedeflerini a\u015fmas\u0131 ve bunun neticesi olarak yeniden hakikaten h\u00fcr ve egemen bir Kurucu Meclis\u2019i dayatacak s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131ld\u0131k. (La Izquierda, 17 kas\u0131m 2019)<\/quote><br \/>\nBirle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, Avrupa Birli\u011fi ile Katolik Kilisesi, darbecilerin \u201cge\u00e7ici h\u00fckumeti\u201d ve (parlamentoda \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu elinde tutan) MAS ile \u201csosyal te\u015fkilatlar\u201d aras\u0131nda arac\u0131 rol\u00fc oynamaktad\u0131r. 23 kas\u0131m tarihinde, darbeci ba\u015fkan A\u00f1ez ve parlamentodaki t\u00fcm partilerin temsilcileri, genelkurmay\u0131n yan\u0131nda yeni genel se\u00e7imler tertip edilmesi konusunda bir anla\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r:  Ley de R\u00e9gimen excepcional y transitorio. MAS, Morales\u2019in adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koymas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. Maa\u015fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan (COB) ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc  (CSUTCB) sendikalar\u0131, yerli (CIDOB, CONAMAQ, CSCIOB) ve kad\u0131n (CNMCIOB) dernekleri seferberli\u011fi sona erdirme ve yollar\u0131n bloke edilmesinin durmas\u0131n\u0131 taahh\u00fct etmi\u015flerdir. 26 kas\u0131m tarihinde El Alto barikatlar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplamda 32 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve 700 ki\u015fi yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>29 kas\u0131m tarihinde, daima partilerin ve se\u00e7imlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015f olan fa\u015fist Camacho cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 16 aral\u0131k tarihinde Morales, 2020\u2019deki se\u00e7imleri denetlemek i\u00e7in Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019den ve Papa\u2019dan se\u00e7im misyonu talep etmi\u015ftir. 31 aral\u0131k tarihinde Pumari, Camacho\u2019nun yan\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imlerinde ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 aday\u0131 olarak onun orta\u011f\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcstelik bu, Bolivya bas\u0131n\u0131na Camacho taraf\u0131ndan verilen bir ses kayd\u0131nda Pumari\u2019nin se\u00e7imlerde ortak olmak i\u00e7in 250000 dolar talep etmesine ra\u011fmen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">Bir bant kayd\u0131na g\u00f6re, Santa Cruz sivil komitesinin eski y\u00f6neticisi, Marco Pumari\u2019nin gelecek se\u00e7imlerde adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koymas\u0131 i\u00e7in 250000 dolar \u00f6demi\u015ftir. (Opini\u00f3n, 8 aral\u0131k 2019)<\/quote><\/p>\n<h3>S\u0131n\u0131f ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli devrim i\u00e7in<\/h3>\n<p>10 kas\u0131m tarihinde kom\u00fcnistlerin yeri, ya\u011fmac\u0131 Amerikal\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131 devletler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen genelkurmaya, ba\u015fkald\u0131ran polislere, gerici politikac\u0131lara ve fa\u015fist gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 Morales yanl\u0131s\u0131 emek\u00e7iler ile \u00f6\u011frenciler idi.<\/p>\n<p><quote class=\"citations\">Ecnebi emperyalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede kitlelerin zaferini sa\u011flayabilecek tek y\u00f6netim olarak milli burjuvaziyle s\u00fcrekli rekabet halindeyiz\u2026 Yabanc\u0131 emperyalistlerle ya da onlar\u0131n gerici fa\u015fist ajanlar\u0131yla do\u011frudan m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi her durumda ona t\u00fcm devrimci deste\u011fimizi veririz ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda te\u015fkilat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, program\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, partimizin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tam ele\u015ftiri \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc koruruz. (Tro\u00e7ki, Latin Amerika hakk\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma, 4 kas\u0131m1938)<\/quote><br \/>\nAncak dikkat edilmesi gereken, 2003 senesinde y\u00fcz binlerce g\u00f6stericinin MNR h\u00fckumetine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131; 2019 senesinde ise sadece birka\u00e7 bin g\u00f6stericinin MAS h\u00fckumetine destek olduklar\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n imtiyazl\u0131 b\u00fcrokrasisinin, Brezilya\u2019daki PT, \u015eili\u2019deki PS ve PCC gibi reformist partilerin, MAS, PSUV, FSLN, PJ gibi partilerde cisimle\u015fen milliyet\u00e7i kliklerin siyaseti yerel ve k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin ekme\u011fine ya\u011f s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Amerikan emperyalizmini ve Latin Amerika burjuvazisini ma\u011flup edebilecek yegane kuvvet i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. Darbeye ra\u011fmen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ezilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Son s\u00f6z Bolivya proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n olacakt\u0131r, yeter ki partisini kurabilsin.<\/p>\n<p>Her \u015feyden evvel, t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve \u00f6\u011frenci te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 ve bilhassa COB, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n t\u00fcm fraksiyonlar\u0131 ile ili\u015fi\u011fini kesmeli ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir eylem program\u0131n\u0131 savunmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00fcm siyasi mahpuslara h\u00fcrriyet! \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc katledenler cezaland\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131n! Demokratik h\u00fcrriyetler m\u00fcdafaa edilsin, ki buna Morales\u2019in tekrar aday olmas\u0131 da dahildir!<\/li>\n<li>2013 senesinin kad\u0131nlara yap\u0131lan \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 kanun uygulans\u0131n! \u00d6zg\u00fcr ve bedava cinsel e\u011fitim, do\u011fum kontrol\u00fc ve k\u00fcrtaj hakk\u0131!<\/li>\n<li>Maden i\u015f\u00e7ileriyle maden yak\u0131n\u0131nda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 korunsun! Amazon orman\u0131n\u0131n katline son!<\/li>\n<li>Maa\u015flar artt\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131n ve mesai s\u00fcresi azalt\u0131ls\u0131n! Bedava e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri temin edilsin! Kaliteli ve ucuz toplu ta\u015f\u0131ma ile konutlar sa\u011flans\u0131n!<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck araziler, fabrikalar, maden yataklar\u0131, bankalar, telekom\u00fcnikasyon \u015firketleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck medya \u015firketleri, \u00f6zel \u00fcniversiteler i\u015f\u00e7i kontrol\u00fcnde kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131n!<\/li>\n<li>Din ile devlet tamamen birbirinden ayr\u0131ls\u0131n! Hi\u00e7bir dine hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde devlet taraf\u0131ndan mali yard\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131n!<\/li>\n<li>Fa\u015fist sald\u0131r\u0131lara ve devletin bask\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6z m\u00fcdafaa komiteleriyle i\u015f\u00e7i milisleri kurulsun! Astsubaylar ile erlere k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131n\u0131 terk edip i\u015f\u00e7i milislerine kat\u0131lma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ls\u0131n! Mesleki ordu ile polis kuvvetleri silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131n ve la\u011fvedilsin!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Bolivya\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm burjuva devlet organlar\u0131 (h\u00fckumet, adalet, parlamento, polis, ordu) bir me\u015fruiyet krizi i\u00e7indedirler. Bundan istifade etmek i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, kentlerde hi\u00e7bir stat\u00fcleri olmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ve \u00f6\u011frenimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren \u00f6\u011frencilerin, t\u00fcm \u00fclkede darbeci h\u00fckumete alternatif olacak demokratik bir pop\u00fcler Asamble\u2019ye yolu a\u00e7acak \u00f6z y\u00f6netim organlar\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in seferber olmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Silahlanarak, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler ve ezilenler iktidar\u0131 Sovyetlere verebilirler, i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc h\u00fckumetini kurabilirler ve Sosyalist Amerika Federasyonuna yolu a\u00e7abilirler.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Latin Amerika\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri ve bask\u0131n emperyalizm Latin Amerika, uzun s\u00fcredir ihtilallerin, kar\u015f\u0131 devrimlerin, istiklal m\u00fccadelelerinin, s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve darbelerin laboratuvar\u0131 olmu\u015f bir k\u0131tad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=248"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":249,"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248\/revisions\/249"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}