{"id":220,"date":"2019-05-10T12:00:13","date_gmt":"2019-05-10T10:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/?p=220"},"modified":"2021-02-05T16:10:48","modified_gmt":"2021-02-05T15:10:48","slug":"sudan-ihtilalin-zaferi-icin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revolucionpermanente.com\/turk\/2019\/05\/10\/sudan-ihtilalin-zaferi-icin\/","title":{"rendered":"Sudan: ihtilalin zaferi i\u00e7in"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u00dclkeyi birle\u015ftirmekten aciz bir burjuvazi<\/h3>\n

Resmi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda (1956), olu\u015fmakta olan Sudan burjuvazisi siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan iki se\u00e7enek aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunlardan birisi, di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131flara bask\u0131n gelmek i\u00e7in din kart\u0131n\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015ftir ve \u00e7e\u015fitli hareketlerde somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a d\u00fc\u015fman olan \u00dcmmet (1945 senesinde kurulmu\u015ftur) ve (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde NCP ve PCP aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f) \u0130slami T\u00fcz\u00fck Cephesi\u2019nin (ICM) M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015fleri. Di\u011feri ise, kom\u015fu M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da pop\u00fcler olan Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi kart\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak istemi\u015ftir: Mill\u00ee Birle\u015fmeci Parti (NUP, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde DUP), ki \u201cbirle\u015fmeci\u201d terimi Nas\u0131r yanl\u0131s\u0131 partinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki Sudan ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 birle\u015ftirme iradesini belirtir.
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\nMill\u00ee \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kafi derecede sermaye birikimi olmamas\u0131 sebebiyle Sudanl\u0131 burjuvazi t\u00fcm \u00fclke \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde birle\u015fmekte, devleti istikrara kavu\u015fturmada ve di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131flar \u00fczerinde hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler (bilhassa B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri), b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7ler (M\u0131s\u0131r, \u0130srail, Suudi Arabistan, \u0130ran) ve kom\u015fu devletler bile (Eritre, \u00c7ad, Etiyopya, Uganda\u2026) \u00fclkenin siyasal hayat\u0131na m\u00fcdahalede bulunmu\u015f ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine i\u015ftirak etmi\u015flerdir. \u00dclkenin siyasi hayat\u0131na se\u00e7imler ve Parlamento\u2019dan \u00e7ok asker\u00ee darbeler ile halk ayaklanmalar\u0131 y\u00f6n vermi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 burjuvazinin tarihi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 telafi edebilir mi? Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kta proletaryan\u0131n partisi yani Sudan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (SCP), Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f\u00e7i partilerinden biriydi. G\u00fcneyde oldu\u011fu kadar kuzeyde de bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bilhassa demiryollar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ileri olmak \u00fczere gen\u00e7 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na liderlik etmekte ve bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6yl\u00fc, \u00f6\u011frenci, ayd\u0131n, asker ve subay\u0131 etkilemekteydi. Fakat \u201ckom\u00fcnist\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131na ra\u011fmen esas\u0131nda Stalinci, Men\u015fevik bir partiydi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde itimat etmemekteydi. Proletaryay\u0131, \u201cmilletin ya\u015fam g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin birli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d ve \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, mill\u00ee burjuvazinin ve ilerici ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n birli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d (SCP, 1 ocak 1956) ad\u0131na mill\u00ee k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi ve burjuvaziye tabi tutmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n

1989: \u015eeyh Turabi ve albay Be\u015fir\u2019in darbesi<\/h3>\n

1989 senesinde albay \u00d6mer el-Be\u015fir, el-Mehdi h\u00fckumetini devirip NIF\u2019in yard\u0131m\u0131yla iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. \u0130slam\u00ee bir devlet ilan etmi\u015f, siyas\u00ee partiler ile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z sendikalar\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (SWTUF sendikas\u0131 devletin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir). NIF orduda, poliste ve sivil idarede bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin i\u015fine son vermi\u015ftir. \u0130slamc\u0131 olan tek parti y\u00f6netimini yani Ulusal Kongre Partisi (NCP) y\u00f6netimini kurmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n

2003 senesinde rejim Darfur\u2019u daha \u00f6nce G\u00fcney Sudan\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kuvvet kullanarak hudutlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde tutmaya karar vermi\u015ftir. Ordu pek taarruz tarafl\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u201cArap\u201d cancavid milisleri te\u00e7hizatland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve maa\u015fa ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015f bug\u00fcne dek 300000 \u00f6l\u00fcme ve 2,5 milyon ki\u015finin yerinden olmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n

2011 senesinde kuzey ve g\u00fcney aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnme meydana gelmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcney Sudan petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 (%70 ila %80\u2019ini) alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ocak 2016 tarihinde Sudan, \u0130ran ile ili\u015fkilerini kesmi\u015ftir. M\u0131s\u0131r ve K\u00f6rfez hanedanlar\u0131yla yak\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Suudi Arabistan ucuz yak\u0131t satm\u0131\u015f ve bir milyar dolar (yakla\u015f\u0131k 900 milyon avro) \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 vermi\u015ftir; kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise Sudan, Yemen\u2019in i\u015fgaline destek olmu\u015f ve asker, bilhassa da milisler sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 2017 senesinde kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

\u00c7in Sudan\u2019a en \u00e7ok ihracat yapan \u00fclke ve ayn\u0131 zamanda en \u00e7ok yat\u0131r\u0131m yapan \u00fclke durumundad\u0131r. Tek parti NCP \u00c7in\u2019in tek partisi olan \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019ni 2017 senesinde kongresine davet etmi\u015ftir. Kendi y\u00f6neticilerini e\u011fitim i\u00e7in \u00c7in\u2019in y\u00fcksek d\u00fczey yetkili okuluna yani \u015eangay\u2019daki Pudong \u00fcniversitesine g\u00f6ndermektedir. <\/p>\n

2018: bir ihtilalin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/h3>\n

2018 senesinde GSMH %2,3 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, gizli alt\u0131n ihracat\u0131na ra\u011fmen artmaktad\u0131r. Enflasyon ise asgari %70 seviyelerindedir. Devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinin %70\u2019i bask\u0131 kuvvetleri i\u00e7in harcanmaktad\u0131r (gizli servisler ki buna NISS dahildir, RSF olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen milisler, geleneksel ordu…). <\/p>\n

19 aral\u0131k 2018 tarihinde Sudan h\u00fckumeti, di\u011fer tedbirlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ekmek fiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015ftur. Ertesi g\u00fcnden itibaren halk ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da kad\u0131n g\u00f6steriler yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayaklanma Angola\u2019daki, Etiyopya\u2019daki, Gambiya\u2019daki ve bilhassa Cezayir\u2019deki demokratik m\u00fccadelelerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6steriler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva bir yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, m\u00fchendisler, avukatlar, hekimler ve akademisyenler i\u00e7eren Sudan Profesyonelleri Derne\u011fi (SPA) taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131 \u015fiddetli olmu\u015ftur: g\u00f6zalt\u0131lar, d\u00f6v\u00fclmeler, NISS ve \u0130slamc\u0131 RSF milisleri taraf\u0131ndan halk\u0131n \u00fczerine ate\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131. Bilan\u00e7o 90 g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f gazeteci, 9 kad\u0131n\u0131n uygunsuz davran\u0131\u015f sebebiyle k\u0131rba\u00e7lanmaya mahkum edilmesi, 800 uzun hapis cezas\u0131 ve en az 60 \u00f6l\u00fcm olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n

Ancak kitleler, d\u00f6rt ay s\u00fcren fedakarl\u0131klar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan baz\u0131 askerleri ve astsubaylar\u0131 kazanmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 siyasi polisin bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruma sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: 8 nisan tarihinde askerler (\u201cHemetti\u201d ad\u0131 verilen) \u201c\u00e7evik kuvvet\u201d ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahallelerde \u00f6z te\u015fkilatlanma \u015fekilleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130htilal ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Bask\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist burjuvazilerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla uzun s\u00fcredir burjuva alternatifleri haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir yandan siyasi polis ile genelkurmay (mevkida\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Cezayir\u2019de Buteflika\u2019y\u0131 feda ettikleri gibi) Be\u015fir\u2019i feda etmeye haz\u0131r duruma gelmi\u015flerdir, ki bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc \u00c7in\u2019de kabul etmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer yandan burjuva siyas\u00ee partiler (DUP, \u00dcmmet, PCP\u2026) ittifaklar\u0131na ve kapitalizm ile burjuva devleti muhafaza etme stratejilerine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazinin militan te\u015fkilat\u0131 SPA ve tek i\u015f\u00e7i partisi olan SCP\u2019yi dahil etmi\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n

Bu mill\u00ee birlik H\u00fcrriyet ve De\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in Beyanname (FDFC) ismini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1 ocak tarihinde program\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendisi demokratik bile de\u011fildir: se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir h\u00fckumet mevzubahis de\u011fildir, rejimle y\u00fczle\u015fmek i\u00e7in sil\u00e2hs\u0131z g\u00f6nderilen halka dan\u0131\u015fmadan \u00fclkeyi 4 sene boyunca y\u00f6netecek sivil bir h\u00fckumet s\u00f6z konusudur. <\/p>\n

G\u00f6sterileri d\u00fczenleyen SPA genelkurmaya Be\u015fir\u2019i vazifeden almas\u0131 i\u00e7in yalvarmakta ve kitlelere bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ll\u0131k vaazlar\u0131 vermektedir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler ve memurlar kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z (hakikaten kom\u00fcnist) te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan SPA\u2019ya hizmet etmektedirler. Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ve hatta \u00dcmmet ile zaten halk cephesi olu\u015fturmu\u015f olan \u201ckom\u00fcnist\u201d parti tamamen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazilere hizalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Sudan kom\u00fcnist partisi merkezi komitesi sekreterli\u011fi 31 aral\u0131k ile 1 ocak tarihlerinde muhalif g\u00fc\u00e7lerin birli\u011fi ve a\u00e7\u0131klanan talepleri temelinde kitlesel eylemlerin devam\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur: bu talepler rejimin devrilmesi, y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tasfiyesidir\u2026 Ayr\u0131ca sekreterlik kitleleri taviz vermemeye ve e\u015fitlik, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile emek\u00e7ilerin karar alma s\u00fcreciyle uygulama s\u00fcrecine ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde i\u015ftirak etmelerine dayal\u0131 parlak bir gelecek istekleri etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sekreterlik, muhalefet taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmi\u015f olan demokratik alternatifin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi prensiplere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etmi\u015ftir. (SCP, 8 ocak 2019)<\/quote>
\n11 nisan tarihinde Ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in Asker\u00ee Konsey (TMC) ad\u0131nda bir cunta Be\u015fir\u2019i g\u00f6revden alm\u0131\u015f, mahpus muhalif ve g\u00f6stericileri serbest b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve 2 sene i\u00e7in iktidar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cuntan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Darfur\u2019daki bask\u0131n\u0131n liderlerinden biri olan Abdulfettah el-Burhan gelmi\u015ftir. Hemetti TMC\u2019de 2 numarad\u0131r. \u00c7in TMC\u2019yi derhal tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

\u201cKom\u00fcnist\u201d parti bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ll\u0131k vaazlar\u0131 vermekte ve proleter s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesine mani olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

SCP ve t\u00fcm muhalefet g\u00fc\u00e7leri, kitleleri temsil edecek sivil h\u00fckumet g\u00f6reve gelene ve t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmi\u015f alternatif demokratik program\u0131 uygulayana dek ihtilallerine devam edeceklerdir. (SCP, 12 nisan 2019)<\/quote>
\n27 nisan tarihinde FDFC ile TMC, sivil burjuvalardan ve subaylardan olu\u015fan karma ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00fckumeti i\u00e7in bir uzla\u015fmaya vard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 beyan etmi\u015flerdir. 13 may\u0131s tarihinde sil\u00e2hl\u0131 gruplar, muhtemelen resmi olarak la\u011fvedilmi\u015f NISS ve her zamankinden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan RSF kuvvetleri g\u00f6stericilere sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. 15 may\u0131s tarihinde TMC ile FDFC iktidar\u0131n 3 seneli\u011fine se\u00e7ilmemi\u015f ve %67 oran\u0131nda FDFC\u2019den olu\u015fan Egemenlik Konsey\u2019ine emanet edilece\u011fini duyurmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n

2019: s\u00fcrekli devrim i\u00e7in<\/h3>\n

Temel h\u00fcrriyetler emek\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan kazan\u0131lmal\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kitlelerin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi, Sovyet tarz\u0131 organlar\u0131 in\u015fa etmesi, NISS ile RSF te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131 sil\u00e2hs\u0131zland\u0131rmas\u0131, burjuva orduyu i\u00e7ten y\u0131kmas\u0131 ve askerleri sil\u00e2hlar\u0131yla ihtilalin saflar\u0131na katmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, emek\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, tabandaki memurlar\u0131n, \u00f6\u011frencilerin, askere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lanlar\u0131n vs. siyas\u00ee ve sosyal taleplerinin birle\u015fimi, emek\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan iktidar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi meselesini g\u00fcndeme getirecektir. <\/p>\n

\u0130htilali zafere ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in, emek\u00e7ilerle \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri b\u00f6lgenin ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n devrimci proleterleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, emperyalizmden, burjuva devletten, Arap milliyet\u00e7isi olsun, \u0130slamc\u0131 olsun kapitalist partilerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir i\u015f\u00e7i partisinde te\u015fkilatlanmal\u0131d\u0131rlar, yani Bol\u015fevik tarz\u0131 bir partide. <\/p>\n